Summary Bucinnazine, also known as AP-237 or 1-butyryl-4-cinnamylpiperazine, is an opioid analgesic drug with a significant history of use in China for managing pain in cancer patients dating back to 1986. This compound is among the most potent in a series of piperazine-amides that were initially synthesized and documented in Japan during the 1970s. Bucinnazine …
Summary 2F-Viminol, a pyrrole-derived opioid analgesic, originally emerged from the research efforts of the pharmaceutical company Zambon during the 1960s. It boasts roughly double the potency of its precursor compound, viminol. However, unlike viminol, 2F-viminol has not advanced through clinical trials or gained approval for medical purposes. Instead, it has made its way into the …
Summary Fentanyl, known by various brand names such as Sublimaze, Actiq, Durogesic, and others, belongs to the anilidopiperidine class of potent opioid substances. It acts as a strong agonist at μ-opioid receptors and is approximately 40 to 50 times more powerful than pure heroin and roughly 80 to 100 times more potent than morphine.Pharmaceutical fentanyl …
Summary Tramadol, which goes by the brand names Ultram, Ralivia, or Tramal, is classified as a synthetic opioid in the phenylpropylamine category. It shares structural similarities with codeine and morphine. Its primary actions include acting as a weak agonist at the μ-opioid receptors and inhibiting the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.Initially developed in 1962, Tramadol …
Summary Tianeptine, known by its trade names Stablon and Coaxil, represents an unconventional type of antidepressant. Although it is primarily prescribed for its antidepressant properties, it is sometimes taken in high doses recreationally to achieve opioid-like effects. Its mechanism of action is unique and not fully understood, primarily involving the modulation of the brain’s monoaminergic …
Summary Tapentadol, frequently marketed under Nucynta, is a synthetic opioid analgesic that shares structural similarities with tramadol. Tapentadol exerts its effects through a dual mechanism of action, functioning as both a μ-opioid receptor agonist and a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. It is employed for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. Users often describe the subjective …
Summary Sufentanil, or sufentanyl, marketed under the brand name Sufenta, is an exceptionally potent synthetic anilidopiperidine opioid analgesic. It boasts rapid onset and a brief duration of action, making it a valuable tool in the medical field for pain management during surgical procedures and post-operative recovery. Regarding potency, Sufentanil surpasses pharmaceutical-grade morphine by approximately 500 …
Summary Oxymorphone, commonly recognized under the brand name Opana, is a semi-synthetic opioid analgesic employed for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. It shares a structural resemblance with other opioids like morphine and heroin. Oxymorphone’s origins trace back to its development in Germany in 1914, and it was later introduced to the American market …
Summary O-Desmethyltramadol, also referred to as O-DSMT or desmetramadol, belongs to the phenylpropylamine class of opioid substances. This compound serves as an active metabolite originating from tramadol.Before emerging for sale in the research chemical market during the 2010s, O-DSMT had not been documented for human consumption.Subjectively, individuals who use O-DSMT report experiencing effects such as …
Summary Morphine belongs to the morphinan class of naturally occurring opioid substances. It is one of the alkaloids naturally found in opium, derived from the poppy plant Papaver somniferum, alongside codeine. Furthermore, morphine serves as the prototype opiate, setting the standard against which other opioids are measured, including codeine, diacetylmorphine (commonly known as heroin), and …
