Summary Tramadol, which goes by the brand names Ultram, Ralivia, or Tramal, is classified as a synthetic opioid in the phenylpropylamine category. It shares structural similarities with codeine and morphine. Its primary actions include acting as a weak agonist at the μ-opioid receptors and inhibiting the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.Initially developed in 1962, Tramadol …
Summary Tianeptine, known by its trade names Stablon and Coaxil, represents an unconventional type of antidepressant. Although it is primarily prescribed for its antidepressant properties, it is sometimes taken in high doses recreationally to achieve opioid-like effects. Its mechanism of action is unique and not fully understood, primarily involving the modulation of the brain’s monoaminergic …
Summary Tapentadol, frequently marketed under Nucynta, is a synthetic opioid analgesic that shares structural similarities with tramadol. Tapentadol exerts its effects through a dual mechanism of action, functioning as both a μ-opioid receptor agonist and a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. It is employed for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. Users often describe the subjective …
Summary Sufentanil, or sufentanyl, marketed under the brand name Sufenta, is an exceptionally potent synthetic anilidopiperidine opioid analgesic. It boasts rapid onset and a brief duration of action, making it a valuable tool in the medical field for pain management during surgical procedures and post-operative recovery. Regarding potency, Sufentanil surpasses pharmaceutical-grade morphine by approximately 500 …
Summary Pethidine, also recognized as meperidine and marketed under the trade name Demerol and other brands, is a synthetic opioid analgesic belonging to the phenylpiperidine class. It was synthesized in 1938[10] with the initial intention of being an anticholinergic agent, a project led by the German chemist Otto Eisler. However, its pain-relieving properties were later …
Summary Oxymorphone, commonly recognized under the brand name Opana, is a semi-synthetic opioid analgesic employed for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. It shares a structural resemblance with other opioids like morphine and heroin. Oxymorphone’s origins trace back to its development in Germany in 1914, and it was later introduced to the American market …
Summary O-Desmethyltramadol, also referred to as O-DSMT or desmetramadol, belongs to the phenylpropylamine class of opioid substances. This compound serves as an active metabolite originating from tramadol.Before emerging for sale in the research chemical market during the 2010s, O-DSMT had not been documented for human consumption.Subjectively, individuals who use O-DSMT report experiencing effects such as …
Summary Morphine belongs to the morphinan class of naturally occurring opioid substances. It is one of the alkaloids naturally found in opium, derived from the poppy plant Papaver somniferum, alongside codeine. Furthermore, morphine serves as the prototype opiate, setting the standard against which other opioids are measured, including codeine, diacetylmorphine (commonly known as heroin), and …
Summary Methadone, available under trade names like Dolophine and Methadose, is a synthetic opioid analgesic utilized to manage moderate to severe pain and address opioid addiction. Its primary application is in the treatment and control of opioid addiction symptoms. While its subjective effects share similarities with other synthetic opioids like fentanyl, users often report a …
Summary Hydrocodone, commonly known as Vicodin or Norco when mixed with paracetamol, is a semi-synthetic opioid morphinan. This compound is synthesized or chemically derived from codeine, one of the opioid alkaloids naturally occurring in the opium poppy. It functions as a narcotic analgesic, typically administered orally to suppress coughs. Moreover, it is frequently taken orally …
